Affirmative
Agreement
When indicating that one person pr thing does something and
then adding that another does the same. Use the word so or too. To
avoid needless repetition of words from the affirmative statement, use the
conjunction and followed by a simple statement using so or too.
The order of this statement will depend on whether so or too is
used.
1.
When a form of the verb be is used in the main
clause, the same tense of the verb be is used in the simple statement that
follows.
affirmative
statement (be) + and + subject + verb (be) + too
so + verb (be) + subject
e.g. I am happy. You are happy
- I am happy and you are too
- I am happy and so are you
2.
When a
compound verb (auxiliary + verb), for example, will go, should do,
has done, have written, must examine, etc. occurs in the main clause, the
auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the subject and
verb must agree.
Affirmative statement + and + subject +
auxiliary only + too
so + auxiliary only + subject
e.g. They will work in the lab tomorrow. You will work in
the
lab tomorrow.
- They will work in the lab tomorrow and you
will too
- They
will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you
3.
When any verb except be appears without
any auxiliaries in the main clause, the auxiliary do, does, or did is
used in simple statement. The subject and verb must agree and the tense must be
the same.
Affirmative statement + and +
subject + do, does, or did + too
(single verb except be) so +
do, does, or did + subject
e.g. Jane goes to that school. My sister goes to school
- Jane goes to school and my sister does too
- Jane goes to school and so does my sister
Negative Agreement
Either and Neither function in simple
statements much like so and too in affirmative sentences. However, either
and neither are used to indicate negative agreement. The same rules for
auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply.
Negative statement + and + subject +
negative auxiliary or be + either
neither + positive auxiliary + subject
e.g.
a. I didn’t see Mary this morning.
John didn’t see Mary this morning.
- I didn’t see Mary this morning and John
didn’t either
- I didn’t see Mary this morning and neither
did John
b. She hasn’t seen the movie yet. I
haven’t seen the movie yet.
- she hasn’t seen the movie yet and I
haven’t either
- she hasn’t seen the movie yet and neither
have I
Negation
To make a sentence negative, add the negative particle not
after the auxiliary or verb be. If there is
no auxiliary or be, add the appropriate form of do, does, or
did and place in word not after that.
e.g.
John is rich John
is not rich
Mark has seen Bill Mark
has not seen Bill
The following examples contain no auxiliary and
thus use do, does, or did.
e.g.
Marvin likes spinach Marvin
does not like spinach
They went to class They
did not go to class
Some/any
If there is a noun in the complement of a negative sentence,
one should add the particle any before the noun.
Some affirmative sentences
Any negative
sentences and question
e.g. John has some money
John doesn’t have any money
*Hardly, barely, rarely, seldom,
etc.
Remember that in an English sentence it is usually incorrect
to have two negatives together. This is called a double negative and is not
acceptable in standard English. The following words have a negative meaning
and, thus, must be used with a positive verb
e.g.
She scarcely remembers the accident (she almost
doesn’t remember the accident)
We seldom see phone of these animals (we almost
never see photos of these animals)
Commands
A command is an imperative statement. One person orders another to do something. It can be preceded by
please. The understood subject is you. Use the simple form of the
verb.
Close the door leave
the room
Please turn off the light Open your book
Negative
commands
A negative command is
formed by adding the word don’t
before the verb.
Don’t close the door
Please don’t turn off the light
Indirect commands: Usually the verbs order, ask, tell, or
say are used to indicate an indirect command. They are followed by the
infinitive (to + verb).
Jack asked Jill to turn off the light
The policeman ordered the suspect to be quite
Negative Indirect commands
to make an indirect command negative, add the particle not
before the infinitive.
Subject + verb + complement + not + (verb in
infinitive)
e.g.
The teacher told Christopher not to open the
window
Please tell Jeime not to leave the room
Exercise
Fill the blanks with the correct form of too, so, either and
neither
1. They will leave at noon, and I will _____
2. He has an early appointment, and _____ have I
3. The children shouldn’t take that medicine , and ______
should she
4. Rose likes to fly, and her brother does _____
5. We don’t plan to attend the concert, and ______ do they
6. I don’t like tennis, and he doesn’t ______
7. She has already written her composition, and _____ has
her
8. She didn’t see anyone she knew, and _____ did Tim
9. We can’t study in the library, and they can’t _____
10. I have worked there long, and _____ have you
Exercise
Supply the correct form of the missing verb.
1. Their plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so _____
mine
2. You didn’t pay the rent, and she ____ either
3. Your class hasn’t begun yet, and neither ____ mine
4. Our Spanish teacher loves to travel, and we _____ too
5. He hasn’t lived in Mexico for five years, and you _____
either
6. She couldn’t attend the lecture, and neither _____ her
sister
7. I’m interested in reading that book, and so _____ she
8. Michael doesn’t speak English, and his family ______
either
9. She know the answer, and I _____ too
10. That scientist isn’t too happy with the project, and
neither ____ her supervisor.
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